Introduction to China's metal mineral resources

China is a country with a large iron ore resource and a low iron ore grade. At present, there are 1,834 mining areas with proven reserves, and the total reserves of ore is 46.3 billion tons, ranking the fifth in the world. Except for Shanghai and Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions, iron ore is distributed throughout the country, with the most abundant resources in the Northeast and North China, followed by the Southwest and Central South. In terms of provinces (regions), Liaoning Province ranked first in terms of proven reserves, followed by Hebei, Sichuan, Shanxi, Anhui, Yunnan and Inner Mongolia. China's iron ore is dominated by lean ore, and rich iron ore is rare. The reserves of rich ore account for 2.53% of the total reserves, which are only found in Shilu in Hainan and Daye in Hubei. According to the type of iron ore genesis, according to the opinions of Cheng Yuqi and Zhao Yiming, there are mainly magmatic iron deposits related to iron-based and ultrabasic magma intrusion activities, such as the Panzhihua iron deposit in Sichuan, and medium-acidity (including Partial-hydrothermal iron deposits related to magma intrusion activities, such as Daye, Hubei, Ma Hang, Fujian, Huanggang, Inner Mongolia, etc.; related to neutral sodium or partial volcanic-invasive activities Iron ore, such as Ninglang iron ore in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, Dahongshan iron ore in Yunnan, etc.; sedimentary hematite and siderite deposits such as hematite in western Hubei, western Yunnan and eastern Hunan; metamorphic sediments Iron ore, such as Anshan Iron Mine, Jidong Iron Mine, etc.; weathered leaching residual iron ore, such as Guangdong Dabaoshan, Guizhou Guanyinshan. The genetic type of iron ore is the most important in the metamorphic-sedimentary magnetite distributed in the northeast and north China. This type of iron ore has a low iron content (about 35%), but it has a large reserve, accounting for about half of the country's total reserves, and has good optional performance. After ore dressing , it can obtain more than 65% iron concentrate. From the age of mineralization, iron ore has formed from the Proterozoic to the Cenozoic, but it is important in the Yuan Dynasty.

Manganese ore
China has more manganese ore resources and is widely distributed. It has output in 21 provinces (regions) across the country; there are 213 mines with proven reserves, with a total reserve of 566 million tons of ore, ranking third in the world. China has less manganese-rich ore, accounting for only 6.4% of retained reserves. In terms of regional distribution, Guangxi and Hunan are the most abundant, accounting for 55% of the country's total reserves; Guizhou, Yunnan, Liaoning, Sichuan and other places. From the point of view of the genetic type of deposits, sedimentary manganese ore is the main ones, such as Guangxi Xialei Manganese Mine, Guizhou Zunyi Manganese Mine, Hunan Xiangtan Manganese Mine, Liaoning Wafang Manganese Mine, Jiangxi Leping Manganese Mine, etc., followed by volcanic-sedimentary deposits such as Xinjiang Moto Salad Iron-manganese deposits; metamorphic deposits, such as Sichuan Huya manganese ore; hydrothermal reformed manganese deposits, such as the Malishan manganese deposit in Hunan; and epigenetic manganese deposits, such as the Qinzhou manganese mine in Guangxi. From the perspective of metallogenic age, manganese ore has formed from the Proterozoic to the Quaternary, with the Sinian and Devonian groups being the most important.
China's chrome ore resources are relatively scarce, and they are short of resources according to the degree of demand. The total reserves of ore are 10.78 million tons, of which rich ore accounts for 53.6%. There are 56 chrome ore deposits in 13 provinces (districts) including Tibet, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Gansu. Tibet is the most important, with reserves accounting for about half of the country. China's chrome deposits are typical magmatic deposits associated with ultrabasic rocks, most of which are ophiolite types, and deposits occur in the ophiolite belt. The Tibet Luobusha chrome ore and the Xinjiang Salto Sea chrome ore are all of this type. From the perspective of metallogenic age, the age of China's chrome ore formation is dominated by the middle and new generation.
China's titanium ore is distributed in more than 10 provinces and autonomous regions. Predominantly titanium vanadium and titanium in the titanium magnetite, ilmenite placer gold red quarry and the like. Titanium in vanadium-titanium magnetite is mainly produced in the Panzhihua area of ​​Sichuan. Rutile mines are mainly produced in Hubei, Henan, Shanxi and other provinces. Ilmenite ore is mainly produced in Hainan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and other provinces (regions). The TiO 2 reserves of ilmenite are 357 million tons, ranking first in the world. The type of titanium ore deposit is mainly magmatic vanadium-titanium magnetite, followed by sand ore. From the metallogenic age, the primary titanium ore was mainly formed in the Paleozoic, and the galvanite was formed in the Cenozoic.
China has more vanadium resources, with a total reserve of V 2 O 5 25.96 million tons, ranking third in the world. Vanadium ore is mainly produced in magmatic rock type vanadium-titanium magnetite deposits as an associated ore. As an independent deposit, vanadium ore is mainly a Cambrian black shale -type vanadium mine. Vanadium mines are widely distributed, with proven reserves in 19 provinces (districts). Sichuan's vanadium reserves rank first in the country, accounting for 49% of total reserves; followed by Hunan, Anhui, Guangxi, Hubei, Gansu and other provinces (districts). The vanadium-titanium magnetite is mainly distributed in the Panzhihua-Xichang area of ​​Sichuan, and the black shale-type vanadium ore is mainly distributed in the areas of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou. The vanadium mineralization age is mainly the Paleozoic, and a small amount of vanadium ore is produced in other geological times. [next]
China is one of the countries with more copper mines in the world. The total reserves of copper is 62.43 million tons, ranking 7th in the world. Copper deposits account for 35% of proven reserves. Copper mines are widely distributed. Except for Tianjin and Hong Kong, all provinces (cities, districts) including Shanghai, Chongqing and Taiwan have output. There are 910 mines with proven reserves. Jiangxi's copper reserves ranked first in the country, accounting for 20.8%, followed by Tibet, accounting for 15%; once again in Yunnan, Gansu, Anhui, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hubei and other provinces, the province's copper reserves are more than 3 million tons. From the perspective of deposit types, porphyry copper deposits are the most important, such as the Dexing mega-porphyry copper deposit in Jiangxi and the Yulong large porphyry copper deposit in Tibet; followed by copper- nickel sulphide deposits (such as Ganzizizizi copper-nickel ore). , skarn copper (e.g., copper TONGLUSHAN, Anhui Tongguanshan copper), volcanic type copper (e.g., copper and other plants Gansu silver white); layered copper sedimentary rocks (such as Shanxi Zhongtiaoshan Copper mine, Yunnan Dongchuan copper mine), continental sandstone copper deposit (Yunnan Liuzhi copper mine) and a small amount of hydrothermal vein copper deposit. From the perspective of the formation of copper ore, copper deposits have formed from the Archean to the Tertiary. However, from the perspective of reserves and the number of deposits, it is mainly concentrated in the Mesozoic and Proterozoic. The Mesozoic copper deposits are mostly related to the medium-acid magmatic activity of shallow emplacement, such as the Dexing copper deposit; the Yuan-Qiao copper deposit is mostly related to the marine volcanic magmatism, such as the Baiyinchang copper mine in Gansu; the Mesozoic The strength of porphyry copper deposits is important.
China's lead and zinc resources are relatively abundant, and all of the country except Shanghai, Tianjin, and Hong Kong have lead-zinc mine output. There are more than 700 places of production, with a total lead reserve of 35.72 million tons, ranking fourth in the world; zinc reserves of 93.84 million tons, ranking fourth in the world. From the provincial comparison, Yunnan's lead reserves accounted for 17% of the country's total reserves, ranking first in the country; Guangdong, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, followed by proven reserves of more than 2 million tons. The national zinc reserves are the most in Yunnan, accounting for 21.8% of the country; followed by Inner Mongolia, accounting for 13.5%; other provinces such as Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, etc. are also rich in zinc resources, all of which are above 6 million tons. The lead-zinc deposits are mainly distributed in the Lanping area, the Luanchuan area, the Nanling area, the Qinling-Qilian mountain area, and the Langshan-Zhaertai area in Inner Mongolia. From the deposit type of view, there are related to granite granite (Guangdong Lian Ping), skarn (Hunan SKS), porphyry (Yunnan Yaoan) deposits with and related to marine volcanic deposits (Qinghai tin Tieshan), a deposit produced in continental volcanic rocks (Jiangxi Lengshui Pit and Zhejiang Wubu Lead-Zinc Mine), lead-zinc ore produced in marine carbonate (Guangdong Fankou), mudstone-clastic rock series (Gansu Xicheng Lead-Zinc Mine), lead-zinc ore (Yunnan Jinding) produced in marine or continental sandstone and conglomerate. The age of lead-zinc mineralization has been from the Archean to the Cenozoic, and it is rich in resources of the Paleozoic lead-zinc mine.
China's bauxite resource abundance is medium-level, with 310 production areas distributed in 19 provinces (districts). The total reserves of ore is 2.27 billion tons, ranking 7th in the world. Shanxi has the largest amount of aluminum resources, with reserves accounting for 41% of the national reserves; Guizhou, Guangxi and Henan, respectively, each accounting for about 17%. The types of bauxite deposits are mainly paleo-weathered crust deposits and laterite bauxite deposits, the former being the most important. The ancient weathering crust bauxite can be divided into four sub-categories: Guizhou Xiuwen, Zunyi, Guangxi Pingguo and Henan Xin'an. From the perspective of metallogenic age, the paleo-weather crust bauxite is mainly produced in the Carboniferous and Permian strata, and is a water-type bauxite. Fujian Zhangpu-type laterite bauxite is a residual laterite-type aluminum deposit formed by the late weathering of Tertiary to Quaternary basalts , and is a trihydrate bauxite.
China's nickel resources cannot meet the needs. The total reserves of nickel is 7.84 million tons, ranking 9th in the world. There are nearly 100 nickel mineral deposits distributed in 18 provinces (regions). Among them, Gansu Province is the most important, with reserves accounting for 61.9% of the country, followed by Xinjiang, Jilin, Sichuan and other provinces (districts). The Jinchuan nickel mine in Gansu is second only to the Sudbury nickel mine in Canada and the second largest nickel mine in the world. The types of nickel ore deposits are mainly two types of magmatic melting deposits and weathering crust silicate nickel deposits. The latter is represented by the Yunnan Mojiang Nickel Mine; the former is divided into two sub-classes of magma in-situ melting deposits and deep magma melting into the deposit. The Baijiazuizi nickel deposit in Gansu belongs to the class of deep melt-dissolution complex deposits. From the analysis of the metallogenic age, nickel ore was produced from the Precambrian to the Cenozoic. Magmatic nickel deposits are mainly produced in the Precambrian and Late Paleozoic, and there were also nickel ore production in the Early Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Weathered shell nickel deposits are formed in the new generation. [next]
There are not many cobalt mine resources in China, and there are few independent cobalt deposits. They are mainly produced as associated minerals along with other minerals such as iron, nickel and copper. It is known that 150 cobalt mines are distributed in 24 provinces (districts), with the largest reserves in Gansu Province, accounting for 30% of the country's total reserves. The total reserves of the country are 470,000 tons of cobalt. The types of deposits are magma type, hydrothermal type, sedimentary type and weathered shell type. The magma-type copper-copper-nickel-cobalt ore and skarn iron-copper-cobalt ore are the main ones, accounting for more than 65% of the total; followed by volcanic sediments and volcanic clastic sedimentary cobalt deposits, accounting for about 17% of the total reserves. The ore-forming age of cobalt ore was dominated by the Proterozoic and Mesozoic, followed by the Paleozoic and the Cenozoic.
China is the country with the richest tungsten resources in the world. There are 252 proven mineral deposits distributed in 23 provinces (districts). The total reserves of WO 2 , 5.29 million tons, ranking first in the world. The output is also the world's first, and it is the traditional export of mineral products in China. In terms of provinces (districts), Hunan (mainly scheelite ) and Jiangxi ( black-tungsten ore) are the largest, with reserves accounting for 33.8% and 20.7% of the total national reserves respectively; Henan, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, etc. The province (district) is second. The main tungsten mining areas include Hunan Shizhuyuan Tungsten Mine, Jiangxi Xihua Mountain, Daji Mountain, Pangu Mountain, Guimei Mountain, and Piaotang. A few days of tungsten ore, Guangdong Lianhuashan Tungsten Mine, Fujian Xuluokeng Tungsten Mine, Gansu Ta'ergou Tungsten Mine, Henan Sandaozhuang aluminum-tungsten mine. In the aspect of tungsten deposit type, the stratified superimposed deposit and the crust source modified granite deposit are the most important; the crust-mantle source is the same as the Ronghuagang (Xinchang) type rock deposit, the layer-controlled remodeling deposit and the epigenetic tungsten deposit. From the perspective of metallogenic age, the earliest Paleozoic, the Late Paleozoic was less, the Mesozoic formation of the most tungsten, the new generation of tungsten ore is rare.
China is one of the countries with rich tin resources in the world. 293 proven mineral deposits, with a total reserve of 4.07 million tons of tin, ranking second in the world. The mineral deposits are distributed in 15 provinces (districts), with the largest reserves in Guangxi and Yunnan provinces, accounting for 32.9% and 31.4% of the country respectively. Hunan, Guangdong, Inner Mongolia and Jiangxi are the second, and the above six provinces (districts) It accounts for 93% of the country. The types of tin deposits mainly include granitic-related deposits, deposits associated with intermediate and acidic volcanic-basic volcanic rocks, deposits related to sedimentary remodeling and metamorphism, and sedimentary-hydrothermal remodeling deposits. The first type of deposit is the most important. World-class super-large tin mines such as Yunnan Gejiu and Guangxi Dachang are all such. These two tin mine reserves account for 33% of the country's total tin reserves. From the perspective of metallogenic age, the tin ore-forming period is relatively extensive, with the Mesozoic tin mine being the most important, followed by the Precambrian.
China's molybdenum mine is rich in resources, with a total reserve of 8.4 million tons of molybdenum, ranking second in the world. There are 222 mines with proven reserves distributed in 28 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). The molybdenum ore resources in Henan Province are the most abundant. The molybdenum reserves account for 30.1% of the country's total reserves, followed by Shaanxi and Jilin, and the above three provinces account for more than 56.5% of the country's molybdenum reserves. Many large deposits of molybdenum ore are an important feature. For example, Jinduicheng in Shaanxi, Xichuan in Henan, Yangjiazi in Liaoning, and Daheshan Molybdenum in Jilin are all world-scale large mines. The types of deposits are most important in porphyry molybdenum deposits and porphyry-skarn-type molybdenum deposits. The former are such as Jinduicheng in Shaanxi and Dexing in Jiangxi, while the latter are such as Nannihu molybdenum in Henan; skarn-type and carbonated The salt vein and quartz vein type are second; the sedimentary molybdenum- uranium -vanadium-nickel deposit has great potential value, and the pegmatite vein type molybdenum ore has no independent industrial significance. From the age of molybdenum ore formation, except for a few molybdenum deposits formed in the Late Paleozoic and Cenozoic, most of the molybdenum deposits were formed in the Mesozoic, which is the product of the Yanshanian tectonic magmatism.
China is one of the countries with rich mercury resources in the world. The total reserves of mercury is 81,400 tons, ranking the third in the world. There are 103 mines with proven reserves, distributed in 13 provinces (districts), with Guizhou Province as the most, with reserves of 40% of the country's mercury reserves, followed by Shaanxi and Sichuan. The above three provinces account for 74% of the country's mercury reserves. %. Well-known mercury mines include Guizhou Wanshan Mercury Mine, Wuchuan Mercury Mine, Danzhai Mercury Mine, Tongren Mercury Mine, and Xinyan Mercury Mine in Hunan. The types of mercury deposits are divided into three types: carbonate type, clastic type and magma type. Carbonate rock type is dominant, with more than 90% of mercury reserves, and such large-scale mercury mines such as Guizhou Wanshan belong to this type. Followed by clastic rock type. Most mercury deposits are known to be produced in the Middle and Lower Cambrian strata (more than 80% of reserves). Mercury is also formed in the Precambrian, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, but it does not occupy an important position. [next]
China is the country with the most abundant antimony resources in the world. The total reserves are 2.78 million tons, ranking first in the world. . There are 111 mines with proven reserves, distributed in 18 provinces (districts) across the country, with the largest reserves in Guangxi, accounting for 41.3% of the country; followed by Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Gansu, Guangdong and other provinces. The types of antimony deposits are carbonate rock type, clastic rock type, shallow metamorphic rock type, marine volcanic rock type, continental volcanic rock type, post-magmatic post-type and exogenous accumulation type, with carbonate rock type Mine is the most important. The world-famous Hunan tin mine antimony ore and Guangxi Dachang tin and antimony polymetallic ore are of this type. From the metallogenic epoch of view, in addition to the Jurassic and Cretaceous strata have not been found outside the industrial deposits, currently has Sinian to Quaternary antimony ore distribution; but times its transformation mineralization mainly in the Mesozoic Yanshan period.
China's platinum group metal mineral resources are relatively scarce, with a total reserve of 310 tons of platinum group metals. There are 35 mines with proven platinum group metals in China, distributed in 10 provinces (districts), of which Gansu is the most, accounting for 57% of the country's total reserves; followed by Yunnan, Sichuan, Heilongjiang and other provinces. Platinum group metal mineral deposits are mainly magmatically fused copper-nickel-platinum- palladium deposits, hydrothermal re-formed platinum deposits and sab-plated ore deposits. The former is the most important, such as the Baijiazui deposit in Gansu. The platinum group metal mineralization era is mainly the Paleoproterozoic and Paleozoic.
China's gold resources are relatively abundant. The total reserves of 4,265 tons of gold, ranking 7th in the world. China's gold mines are widely distributed. Except for Shanghai and Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions, gold mines are produced in various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). There are 1,265 mines with proven reserves. As far as provincial and district studies are concerned, Shandong's independent gold deposits are the most, gold deposits account for 14.37% of total reserves; Jiangxi's associated gold mines account for the most, accounting for 12.6% of total reserves; Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan and other provinces are also rich in gold resources. . Gold deposits are divided into two categories: endogenous and exogenous. Among the main ore deposits, the magmatic-hydrothermal fracture zone altered rock type and quartz vein type are the most important. The former is the Shandong Jiaojia gold deposit, the latter is the Xiaoqinling area, and the sedimentary modified fine-grained gold deposit has greater prospecting potential. Such as Guizhou Southwest Guizhou Gold Mine; sand gold mine also plays an important role. The gold mineralization age spans a large range, starting with the Archean from about 2.8 billion a today and forming gold deposits until the Quaternary. However, 56% of the gold deposits are concentrated in the Precambrian, followed by the Mesozoic and Cenozoic gold deposits, accounting for 36% of the total reserves. The Paleozoic gold deposits are relatively small, accounting for only 5.7%.
China is a country with medium abundance of silver resources. The total reserves of silver is 116,600 tons, ranking the sixth in the world after the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Peru and other countries. China's silver mines are widely distributed, with output in most provinces and regions, and there are 569 mines with proven reserves, with Jiangxi's silver reserves being the most, accounting for 15.5% of the country; followed by Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, and Hubei. Provinces (Gansu) and other provinces (regions) are also rich in silver resources. An important feature of silver mineralization is that 80% of silver is symbiotic or associated with other metals, especially non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead and zinc. The important silver mining areas in China include Guixi Lengshui Pit, Guangdong Fankou, Hubei Zhushan, Liaoning Fengcheng, Jilin Siping, Shaanxi Lishui, Gansu Baiyin and Henan Tongbai Silver Mine. The types of deposits include volcanic-sedimentary, sedimentary, metamorphic, intrusive, and sedimentary types, with volcanic-sedimentary and metamorphic types being the most important. From the analysis of metallogenic age, except for the silver deposits of industrial significance in the Archean and Cenozoic, there were large and medium-sized silver deposits from the Proterozoic to the Mesozoic, among which the silver deposits formed by the Mesozoic were the most.
China is a country rich in rare metal mineral resources such as bismuth, antimony, lithium and antimony. The total reserves of Nb 2 O 5 3.88 million tons, second only to Brazil, ranking second in the world. There are 99 mines with proven reserves in China, distributed in 16 provinces (districts) including Inner Mongolia and Hubei, with the largest in Inner Mongolia, accounting for 72% of the national reserves; followed by Hubei, accounting for 24%. Yankuang is distributed in 92 mining areas in 13 provinces (districts), with a total reserve of 84,000 tons of Ta 2 O 5 , ranking first in the world. In terms of regional distribution, Jiangxi's antimony ore is the most abundant, followed by Inner Mongolia and Guangdong, and the three provinces account for 72.5% of the country's total reserves. Lithium ore is distributed in nine provinces (districts). 43 mines with proven reserves have a reserve of 16.67 million tons of lithium chloride and 2.37 million tons of lithium oxide, ranking the third in the world. From the perspective of the provinces (districts), Qinghai resources are the most abundant, followed by Hubei and Sichuan provinces. Yankuang has output in 15 provinces (districts), 77 mines with proven reserves, total reserves of BeO 230,000 tons, and the largest reserves in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, accounting for 29.4% and 27.8% of the country respectively; Sichuan Next to Yunnan, each accounted for about 16%. It is most important to Jiangxi Yichun Antimony Mine, Inner Mongolia Baiyun Obo Mine, Xinjiang Altay, Lithium-Rare Mine and Qinghai Lithium Mine. The types of strontium, barium, lithium and antimony deposits include inner main deposits, exogenous deposits, metamorphic deposits and stacked deposits. The main ore deposits are mainly related to acidic rocks and alkaline rocks-carbonate rocks, and the Quaternary salt lakes are mainly deposited in exogenous deposits. The strontium, barium, lithium and antimony deposits were formed from the Proterozoic to the Cenozoic, but mainly in the Mesozoic and Late Paleozoic. [next]
China's antimony ore resources are abundant. The total reserves of SrSO 4 32.9 million tons, ranking second in the world. However, the distribution of antimony ore is not widespread, and only six provinces (regions) have antimony ore output. There are 13 mines with proven reserves, including Qinghai, accounting for 48.3% of the country's reserves; followed by Shaanxi, Hubei and Chongqing. The types of antimony deposits are mainly sedimentary, sedimentary and volcanic hydrothermal types. The metallogenic era is dominated by the new generation, followed by the Mesozoic.
Rare earth is 15 elements and No. 39 of the lanthanides (镧, 铈 , 镨 , 钕 , 钷, 钐 , 铕 , 钆 , 铽 , 镝 , 钬 , 铒 , 铥 , 镱 , 镥 ) in the Mendeleev chemical periodic table. The general term for the element 钇 . China is the country with the richest rare earth resources in the world. It is known as the “Rare Earth Kingdom” and has a total reserve of about 90 million tons of TR 2 O 3 , ranking first in the world. There are more than 60 mining areas with proven reserves of rare earth minerals in the country, distributed in 16 provinces (districts), with Inner Mongolia as the most, accounting for 95% of the country, followed by Hubei, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Guangdong and other provinces. China's rare earth minerals not only have large reserves, but also have many varieties and good quality. The types of deposits are unique. For example, the Inner Mongolia Bayan Obo sedimentary metamorphism-hydrothermal metasomatic strontium-rare earth deposits and the weathering crust deposits in the Nanling area are unique in the world. . China's rare earth minerals are mostly symbiotic with other minerals. The south is dominated by heavy rare earths and the north is dominated by light rare earths. The rare earth deposits have formed from the Proterozoic to the Cenozoic, especially in the Yanshanian period of the Mesozoic.

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